Sigmund Freud's Theories . Words he introduced through his theories are now used by everyday people, such as anal (personality), libido, denial, repression, cathartic, Freudian slip, and neurotic. This is not because we are deliberately lying. Whilst human beings are great deceivers of others, they are even more adept at self- deception. Our rationalizations of our conduct are therefore disguising the real reasons.
Psychoanalysis is often known as the talking cure. Typically Freud would encourage his patients to talk freely (on his famous couch) regarding their symptoms, and to describe exactly what was on their mind. The Case of Anna O The case of Anna O (real name Bertha Pappenheim) marked a turning point in the career of a young Viennese neuropathologist by the name of Sigmund Freud. It even went on to influence the future direction of psychology as a whole. Her doctor Josef Breuer succeeded in treating Anna by helping her to recall forgotten memories of traumatic events.
Sigmund Freud: Original title: Die. 2003) Dreaming by the Book: Freud's 'The Interpretation of Dreams' and the History of the. Download the 'The Interpretation of Dreams' ebook for FREE. Complete summary of Sigmund Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams. The Interpretation of Dreams Summary Sigmund Freud. The technique of dream interpretation is. PDF (eng) 733.1KB: 17865: download: back to The Interpretation of Dreams »
Welcome to our Freud Dream Interpretation page. From Freud Dream Interpretation back to Dream Interpretation Dictionary Home Page). I would like to tell a little story about my. Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human. In 1897 Sigmund Freud began his famous course of self. Most people now agree that The Interpretation of Dreams was Freud's most important.
During discussions with her it became apparent that she had developed a fear of drinking, when a dog she hated drank from her glass. Her other symptoms originated when caring for her sick father. She would not express her anxiety for her his illness but did express it later, during psychoanalysis. As soon as she had the opportunity to make these unconscious thoughts conscious her paralysis disappeared.
Breuer discussed the case with his friend Freud. Out of these discussions came the germ of an idea that Freud was to pursue for the rest of his life. In Studies in Hysteria (1. Freud proposed that physical symptoms are often the surface manifestations of deeply repressed conflicts. However, Freud was not just advancing an explanation of a particular illness. Implicitly he was proposing a revolutionary new theory of the human psyche itself. The Unconscious Mind.
Freud (1. 90. 0, 1. Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to describe the three levels of the mind. On the surface is consciousness, which consists of those thoughts that are the focus of our attention now, and this is seen as the tip of the iceberg. The preconscious consists of all which can be retrieved from memory. The third and most significant region is the unconscious. Here lie the processes that are the real cause of most behaviour. Like an iceberg, the most important part of the mind is the part you cannot see.
The unconscious mind acts as a repository, a . This can happen through the process of repression. Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind, and a primary assumption of Freudian theory is that the unconscious mind governs behavior to a greater degree than people suspect. Indeed, the goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious. The Psyche. Freud (1. Freud called . These are not physical areas within the brain, but rather hypothetical conceptualizations of important mental functions. Freud assumed the id operated at an unconscious level according to the pleasure principle (gratification from satisfying basic instincts).
The id comprises two kinds of biological instincts (or drives) which Freud called Eros and Thanatos. Eros, or life instinct, helps the individual to survive; it directs life- sustaining activities such as respiration, eating and sex (Freud, 1. The energy created by the life instincts is known as libido. In contrast, Thanatos or death instinct, is viewed as a set of destructive forces present in all human beings (Freud, 1. When this energy is directed outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression and violence. Freud believed that Eros is stronger than Thanatos, thus enabling people to survive rather than self- destruct. The ego develops from the id during infancy.
If you are interested in Sigmund Freud or dream interpretation. The Interpretation of Dreams is the classic text on dream analysis and interpretation. Freud introduces many key concepts that would later become central to.
The ego's goal is to satisfy the demands of the id in a safe a socially acceptable way. In contrast to the id the ego follows the reality principle as it operates in both the conscious and unconscious mind. The superego develops during early childhood (when the child identifies with the same sex parent) and is responsible for ensuring moral standards are followed. The superego operates on the morality principle and motivates us to behave in a socially responsible and acceptable manner.
The basic dilemma of all human existence is that each element of the psychic apparatus makes demands upon us that are incompatible with the other two. Inner conflict is inevitable.
For example, the superego can make a person feel guilty if rules are not followed. When there is conflict between the goals of the id and superego, the ego must act as a referee and mediate this conflict. The ego can deploy various defense mechanisms (Freud, 1. Defense Mechanisms. Click here for more information on defense mechanisms. Psychosexual Stages.
In the highly repressive . In many cases the result was some form of neurotic illness.
Freud sought to understand the nature and variety of these illnesses by retracing the sexual history of his patients. This was not primarily an investigation of sexual experiences as such. Far more important were the patient. It was this that led to the most controversial part of Freud.
There are a number of stages of childhood, during which the child seeks pleasure from a different . To be psychologically healthy, we must successfully complete each stage. This particular theory shows how adult personality is determined by childhood experiences. Dream Analysis. Freud (1.
Dreams perform important functions for the unconscious mind and serve as valuable clues to how the unconscious mind operates. On 2. 4 July 1. 89. Freud had his own dream that was to form the basis of his theory. He had been worried about a patient, Irma, who was not doing as well in treatment as he had hoped. Freud in fact blamed himself for this, and was feeling guilty. Freud dreamed that he met Irma at a party and examined her. Freud's guilt was thus relieved.
Freud interpreted this dream as wish- fulfillment. He had wished that Irma's poor condition was not his fault and the dream had fulfilled this wish by informing him that another doctor was at fault.
Based on this dream, Freud (1. Freud distinguished between the manifest content of a dream (what the dreamer remembers) and the latent content, the symbolic meaning of the dream (i. The manifest content is often based on the events of the day.
The process whereby the underlying wish is translated into the manifest content is called dream- work. The purpose of dream work is to transform the forbidden wish into a non- threatening form, thus reducing anxiety and allowing us to continuing sleeping. Dream work involves the process of condensation, displacement, and secondary elaboration. The process of condensation is the joining of two or more ideas/images into one. For example, a dream about a man may be a dream about both one's father and one's lover.
A dream about a house might be the condensation of worries about security as well as worries about one's appearance to the rest of the world. Displacement takes place when we transform the person or object we are really concerned about to someone else. For example, one of Freud’s patients was extremely resentful of his sister- in- law and used to refer to her as a dog, dreamed of strangling a small white dog. Freud interpreted this as representing his wish to kill his sister- in- law. The unconscious mind transformed her into a dog to protect him. Secondary elaboration occurs when the unconscious mind strings together wish- fulfilling images in a logical order of events, further obscuring the latent content.
Some of these were sexual in nature, including poles, guns and swords representing the penis and horse riding and dancing representing sexual intercourse. However, Freud was cautious about symbols and stated that general symbols are more personal rather than universal. A person cannot interpret what the manifest content of a dream symbolized without knowing about the person’s circumstances.'Dream dictionaries', which are still popular now, were a source of irritation to Freud.
In an amusing example of the limitations of universal symbols, one of Freud's patients, after dreaming about holding a wriggling fish, said to him 'that's a Freudian symbol - it must be a penis!' Freud explored further and it turned out that the woman's mother, who was a passionate astrologer and a Pisces, was on the patient's mind because she disapproved of her daughter being in analysis. It seems more plausible, as Freud suggested, that the fish represented the patient's mother rather than a penis! Freud's Followers Freud attracted many followers, who formed a famous group in 1. The group met every Wednesday in Freud's waiting room. As the organization grew, Freud established an inner circle of devoted followers, the so- called .
At the beginning of 1. Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Critical Evaluation. Freud's theory is good at explaining but not at predicting behavior (which is one of the goals of science). For this reason Freud's theory is unfalsifiable - it can neither be proved true or refuted.
For example, the unconscious mind is difficult to test and measure objectively. Overall, Freud's theory is highly unscientific. Despite the scepticism of the unconscious mind, cognitive psychology has identified unconscious processes, such as procedural memory (Tulving, 1. Bargh & Chartrand, 1. Stroop, 1. 93. 5), and social psychology have shown the importance of implicit processing (Greenwald & Banaji, 1. Such empirical findings have demonstrated the role of unconscious processes in human behaviour.
However, most of the evidence for Freud's theories is taken from an unrepresentative sample. He mostly studied himself, his patients and only one child (e. The main problem here is that the case studies are based on studying one person in detail, and with reference to Freud the individuals in question are most often middle aged women from Vienna (i. This makes generalizations to the wider population (e. However, Freud thought this unimportant, believing in only a qualitative difference between people.